Nature-Based Solutions to Water Crisis Practice in China: Eco-Friendly Water Management in Qiandao Lake, Zhejiang Province
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摘要:
千岛湖是杭州及周边区域1 000多万居民的“水龙头”，占杭州市饮用水供给的至少50%。虽然湖体水质整体保持在一至二类水标准，但仍然面临着比较突出的农业面源污染问题。由于污染源广泛且分散，涉及的农户数量众多，缺乏有效的长期治理机制，农业面源污染的治理一直被视为水环境治理中的一大难题。从2016年开始，大自然保护协会（The Nature Conservancy，TNC）与众多合作伙伴建立了“千岛湖水基金”，探索基于自然的解决方案（Nature-based Solution，NbS）在水源地保护中的应用。首先，以水质提升为目标，开展流域尺度的系统分析和规划，诊断农业面源污染物的来源和分布格局，识别应当优先治理的地块。其次，结合地方社会经济可行性评估，选择淳安县安阳乡上梧溪子流域作为试点，针对主要面源污染来源的水稻田和茶园开展精准施肥、覆盖作物、生态防控等一系列生态治水措施示范，对不同措施的污染防治效果、成本投入、对农作物影响等方面进行多维度科学评价，建立起“源头减量+过程拦截+末端处理”的流域面源污染治理综合示范基地。同时，水基金广泛引入社会资源，探索受益者付费与生态产业治水相结合的多元治理与长效资金机制，长期改善水源地的水质，并达到生态保护和绿色经济的双赢。在中国城市规模不断扩增和用水挑战凸显的背景下，千岛湖水基金的实践给中国城市水源地治理提供了经验借鉴，利用市场机制保障城市的供水安全，对于中国保护城市水安全和治理流域非点源污染具有重要意义。
Abstract:Qiandao Lake is the water faucet for more than 10 million people in Hangzhou and the perimeter zone, taking account at least 50% of the drinking water supply of Hangzhou. Although the water quality of the Qiandao Lake remains in the first or second-class water standard, agricultural non-point source pollution is still a tough problem. Since 2016, The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and many partners have established the Qiandao Lake Water Fund to apply Nature-based Solutions (NbS) to water source protection. The practice of eco-friendly water management of Qiandao Lake firstly took the complete watershed as the object, analyzed and planned the ecosystem with the goal of water quality improvement, analyzes the source and distribution of agricultural non-point sources, and identified the plots that should be prioritized for governance in the watershed scale. On the basis of the watershed analysis, we combined local socio-economic feasibility assessment and selected the Shangwuxi sub-watershed in Anyang, Chun’an County as the pilot area. A series of ecological water control practices, such as precision fertilization, cover crops, and ecological prevention and control have been implemented in the rice fields and tea gardens. Scientific evaluation of pollution prevention and control effects, costs, and impacts were carried out to establish a comprehensive demonstration basis for controlling non-point source pollution with a “source treatment + process intercept + end treatment” pattern, which could be helpful to build multiple and long-term systems. At the same time, the project introduced social resources and explored the water fund model which combined the beneficiary payment and eco-industrial water treatment. The governance of non-point source pollution in Qiandao Lake watershed improved the water quality and achieved a win-win situation for ecological protection and green economy through establishing long-term management and sustainable funding mechanism. With the increasing scale of Chinese cities and the prominent water use challenges, the practice of Qiandao Lake Water Fund provides experiences for the treatment of urban water sources in China. The use of a market mechanism ensures the safety of the urban water supply. It is of great significance for the protection of urban water security and the treatment of non-point source pollution in river basins in China.
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Key words:
- Nature-based Solutions /
- Qiandao Lake /
- water fund /
- non-point source pollution
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图 2 IUCN的NbS全球标准的相互关联性（IUCN，2020）
Figure 2. Interconnectedness of NbS Global Standards for IUCN (IUCN, 2020)
图 3 千岛湖流域面源污染来源分析
Figure 3. Analysis of non-point source pollution sources in the Qiandao Lake Basin
图 4 千岛湖水基金淳安县安阳乡综合示范基地
Figure 4. Qiandao Lake water fund, Anyang Township, Chun'an County, comprehensive demonstration base
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